A UCLA-led study confirms what women approaching menopause have long suspected: menopause does make fat go up. The study finds that women undergoing perimenopause lost lean body mass and more than doubled their fat mass. The research demonstrates that body mass index (BMI) is a very important clinical tool for predicting health events, such as getting diabetes or having cardiovascular disease — but is a less useful gauge of cardio-metabolic risk in older women.
The menopause transition, also known as perimenopause, is the time in a woman’s life when hormonal changes lead to irregular menstruation, hot flashes and other symptoms leading up to menopause, when menstruation stops altogether. The researchers found that women undergoing perimenopause lost lean body mass and more than doubled their fat mass. The women’s lean and fat mass remained stable after the transition to menopause. The researchers also noted ethnic/racial differences in the impact of menopause on body composition.
The relationship between menopause and changes in body composition has not been well understood. While some smaller studies have looked at the impact of the menopause transition on body composition and weight, the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation provides sufficiently voluminous and detailed data to enable researchers to disentangle the effects of chronological aging and reproductive aging.
The researchers examined 18 years of data from the women’s health study, assessing women’s body composition using a model that gave them a picture of that composition from the time before and after their final menstrual period, accounting for race/ethnicity and hormone therapy.
Until now, there was no proof that menopause leads to gains in fat mass or losses of lean mass. The study demonstrates that a simple measurement of body weight does not illustrate what is happening “under the skin.” Other research has found that, as women grow older, body mass index becomes a less reliable predictor of conditions such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease. These menopause-related shifts in fat and lean mass may be one of the reasons for the decline in the ability to predict the capacity of body mass index in older women.
Authors include: Dr. Gail Greendale, MeiHua Huang, Weijuan Han and Dr. Arun Karlamangla of UCLA; Barbara Sternfeld and Sheng-Fang Jiange of Kaiser Permanente; Carrie Karvonen-Gutierrez of the University of Michigan; Kristine Ruppert and Jane Cauley of the University of Pittsburgh; Dr. Joel Finkelstein of Massachusetts General Hospital.
The article was published in the journal JCI Insight.
Funding was provided by the National Institutes of Health; Department of Health and Human Services, through the National Institute on Aging; the National Institute of Nursing Research; and the National Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women’s Health supported this study.
